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The Innovation Measurement Trap

Published date: April 9, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Measuring innovation can lead to unintended consequences.  Here are eight ways to avoid the traps.

1. Measure innovation alternatives, not just the current program.  When assessing the impact of an initiative, always ask, “compared to what?”  Don’t fall into the trap of measuring only what the company is doing today.  Rather, measure it against the next best alternative.  For example, if you are using a ideation methodology like S.I.T., be sure to measure the effectiveness of using S.I.T. versus another ideation method.  Understand why you are using one method over another by forecasting results from the alternative.  This re-frames the question from “does this method work?” to “does this method work better than this alternative?”

2. Measure inputs, not just outputs.  Companies are quick to judge innovation initiatives based on the yield of ideas.  A better approach is to be mindful of what the company puts into innovation.  Measure activity such as number of training sessions conducted, number of employees skilled at a methodology, and man hours used in innovation workshops.  Benchmark these against competitors and other relevant companies to gauge whether you are investing enough.

3. Measure quality, not just quantity:  People focus too much on quantitative measures because they’re easier to collect than qualitative ones.  Quantitative data seems more objective.  Simple measurements like “number of ideas generated” may seem valuable on the surface, but these can lead to the trap of “idea churning” just to hit big numbers.  One way to avoid this trap is to assign a panel of independent reviewers to do a qualitative valuation of all ideas generated.  Develop a standard rubric or use existing methods to evaluate the creativity of ideas on a qualitative basis.

Academic Focus: Dr. James Utterback

Published date: April 2, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation by Dr. James Utterback is an innovation classic.  It describes how technologies and industries in the past have evolved over time, usually resulting in the large, established firm losing out to the smaller startups.  Looking forward, I have no doubt his models and insights will be used to explain the evolution of firms and industries with us today.  “A major work that will be cited for decades,” says Professor James Brian Quinn at Dartmouth.  I predict a much longer time frame than decades.

Utterback is the David J. McGrath Jr. Professor of Management and Innovation and a Professor of Technological Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategic Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Here are selected quotes out of Dr. Utterback’s book.  As you read these, try to relate these quotes to companies that face this situation.  Keep in mind this book was first written in 1994.

The LAB: Innovating the PC and Printer…Together (March 2012)

Published date: March 26, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Hewlett Packard’s announcement that it’s combining its PC and printer divisions is meeting skepticism.  Larry Dignan, editor-in-chief of ZDNet, had this to say:

“Hewlett-Packard says it’s combining its printer and PC divisions partially because the move will drive “innovation across personal computing and printing.”  Oh really?  Color me decidedly skeptical on that claim, which was touted in the company’s announcement today. My mental block: What exactly are the touch points between a printer and a PC, and where does the innovation lie?  HP does have printing innovation. Its inkjet technology can be used for drug delivery, for instance. However, unless your PC is delivering doses of pharmaceuticals to you, it’s a stretch to see the connection.”

For this month’s LAB, lets put the S.I.T. method to the challenge. Imagine being part of this newly-combined HP organization.  Here is how you might apply each of the five techniques of Systematic Inventive Thinking.  The key is to leverage each technique in a way that forces non-obvious connections between the two units, laptop and printer.  These configurations become “virtual products.”  We use Function-Follows-Form to work backwards to problems they solve or benefits they deliver.

Marketing Innovation: The Unification Tool on a Grand Scale

Published date: March 19, 2012 в 3:00 am

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The Unification Tool is a tricky but effective advertising tool. Unification recruits an existing resource and forces it to carry the advertising message. That resource can come from within the medium itself or within the environment of the medium.  In other words, the tool uses an existing component of the medium or of its environment in a way that demonstrates the problem or the promise to be delivered.

The tool is one of eight patterns embedded in most innovative commercials.  Jacob Goldenberg and his colleagues describe these simple, well-defined design structures in their book, “Cracking the Ad Code,” and provide a step-by-step approach to using them.  The tools are:
1. Unification
2. Activation
3. Metaphor
4. Subtraction
5. Extreme Consequence
6. Absurd Alternative
7. Inversion
8. Extreme Effort

There are two ways to use Unification. First, take the medium (television, billboard, radio, and so on) and manipulate it so that some feature or aspect of the medium carries the message in a unique way.  The second approach works in the other direction – start with the message, then look at the components in the consumer’s environment and recruit one to carry the message in a clever way.

Innovation Storytelling

Published date: March 12, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Creating new ideas is the first step to innovation, but it is not enough these days.  Marketers need to generate excitement and support for their new opportunity.  Don’t make the mistake of thinking “the idea will sell it self.”  Just the cleverness of the concept and the revenue forecasts are not enough to sway others.  Leaders have many investment choices to create growth, so you need to position your investment opportunity properly.

That is where the power of storytelling can help.  Effective storytelling captures the hearts and minds of your target audience.  It makes your innovations stand out about the rest.  That’s why many embrace it as a critical leadership tool. Storytelling is now mainstream in the business world.  At Nike, senior executives are called “corporate storytellers.” 3M banned bullet points and replaced them with writing “strategic narratives.” Procter & Gamble hired Hollywood directors to teach its executives storytelling techniques. Business schools have storytelling courses to their curriculum.

Innovation Sighting: Task Unification with Fruit Labels

Published date: March 5, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Scott Amron is an inventor with a knack for using the Task Unification pattern, one of five in Systematic Inventive Thinking.  His most recent is a sticker that turns into a soap under running water. It is called Fruitwash.  Once dissolved, the Fruitwash removes wax, pesticides, and dirt from fruit and vegetables. The sticker has been “assigned an additional task” as it performs its primary task.  Classic Task Unification.

Scott claims it has these features:

  • No stickers to peel off and throw away
  • No expensive produce wash (fruit wash) to buy
  • Displays Price Look-Up codes for fast & accurate check-out
  • Label can also be removed normally by peeling off
  • Water resistant
  • Washing / rubbing with water triggers the turn
  • Helps remove water-resistant wax, pesticides and fungicides

This isn’t the first time Scott has used Task Unification to create new products.  Check out his Brush & Rinse toothbrush.  It is a new way to get water into our mouths for rinsing out toothpaste.  The brush is pierced on top in a way that allows you to direct a nice, neat fountain of water directly into your mouth so you don’t have to reach under the faucet.

The LAB: Innovating Twitter with S.I.T. (February 2012)

Published date: February 27, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Twitter continues to evolve with some 220 million users tweeting collectively 250 million times a day. It is a vast social network that has become the world’s “listening post” for events happening everywhere.  Major news organizations rely on Twitter to give early warning to breaking stories.

For this month’s LAB, we will apply all five techniques of Systematic Inventive Thinking to Twitter.  Our goal will be to create new features and innovations with the main Twitter platform as well as to create completely new applications related to Twitter.  Many “apps” tied to Twitter already exist, and you can find a thorough inventory here.

This is not the first time we have applied SIT to Twitter.  See my March 2009 post about using the innovation method on how to monetize Twitter.  Since then, not much has changed in their business model.

To use S.I.T., we start with the components of Twitter:
1.    Profile
2.    Photo
3.    People followed
4.    Followers
5.    Hashtags
6.    Tweets
7.    Re-tweets
8.    Groups
9.    Search
10.  Feeds
11.  Client
12.  API

We apply each of the five templates of S.I.T. one at a time to create new configurations.  We work backwards to identify potential benefits or new markets with that configuration.  In each example below, I apply a template and then try identify whether an app already exists.  This is a way to check the validity of the templates to create new value:

What an Innovative Culture Looks Like

Published date: February 20, 2012 в 3:00 am

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An innovative corporate culture is one that supports the creation of new ideas and the implementation of those ideas.  Leaders need to help employees see innovation in the right light.  The most innovative companies do the following:

1.  See innovation as a competency:  Innovation is a skill, not a gift.  It can be learned by anyone and applied systematic.  Innovative companies treat it as just another core skill by:

  • Creating a well-defined set of innovation competencies and embedding them into every employee’s competency model along with other required behaviors such as ethics and leadership.
  • Conducting regular training courses in creativity methods and innovation management.
  • Staffing internal innovation experts and coaches who work with teams to help guide their innovation efforts and facilitate their success.
  • Not rewarding employees for innovation, but rather expecting it as part of the value system

2.  See innovation as a competitive weapon: Innovative companies use innovation to differentiate themselves by:

  • Conducting regular idea generation workshops within business units
  • Deploying innovation methods within planning and strategy initiatives
  • Innovating from the core competencies of the firm as the starting point
  • Using innovation methods as part of mergers and acquisitions to explore and analyze growth potential of the target

3.  See innovation as a process:  Innovative companies don’t treat innovation as special, unique activity. They see it instead as an ongoing “stream of effort” along with quality, leadership, productivity, and other imperatives.  They do this by:

  • Developing an idea management and tracking capability
  • Conducting “clearinghouse” workshops to leverage innovation across business units
  • Sourcing innovation consultants that are well matched to the specific task (eg: ideation).
  • Linking innovation to other key processes including financial, commercial, and technical.

4.  See innovation as both systematic and opportunistic:  The most innovative companies flex between different styles of creating opportunity by:

  • Sponsoring internal innovation “subversives” who work around the system to champion new ideas and drive them through execution
  • Being “open” to ideas from outside sources to make non-obvious connections to internal projects.
  • Experimenting with new concepts – “making a little, selling a little, and learning a lot” – like P&G.
  • Collaborating with like-minded companies in non-competing industries to source new ideas and trends.

To read more about both sides of this issue, I recommend two articles just released.  Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer write about “How leaders kill meaning at work.”  You can find this in McKinsey Quarterly, January 2012.  Ken Kahn and his colleagues write about “An Examination of New Product Development Best Practices,” in the March 2012 edition of Journal of Product Innovation Management.

The Hidden Cost of Poor Innovation Execution

Published date: February 13, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Executing and launching new products takes financial and human resources.  When poor execution delays a product launch, companies are hit with another cost, one which often goes unnoticed.  Poor execution delays the revenue stream that a new innovation will earn.  Given the time value of money, that financial loss can be staggering. Consider one of the most famous innovative product – the Post-it® Note.

3M scientist, Spencer Silver, invented a note size paper with a weak glue backing. The company saw no market application for it.  One day, Art Fry, another 3M scientist, was singing in the church choir.  Paper bookmarks kept falling out of his hymnal, so he began using the sticky notes instead.  With the weak adhesive, the notes stayed in place, yet lifted off without damaging the pages.  3M began distributing Post-it® Notes in 1980 — ten years after Silver developed the super weak adhesive.  Today, it’s one of the most popular office products available.

What if 3M cut that execution time from 10 years to 5 years?  What is the value of better/faster execution?  Let’s make some simplifying assumptions.  Assume the Post-it® Note franchise turns out $1 billion in annual revenue and nets a profit of $100 million in perpetuity. (3M’s consumer products and office division, which includes Post-it®, posted revenue of $3.47 billion in 2009 according to public financial filings.)  Using a discount rate of 5%, that yields a net present value of $2 billion.  Now what if that cash flow is delayed just five years due to poor execution.  Using the same discount rate of 5%, the new NPV is $1.6 billion, a whopping $400 million in lost cash!

Could 3M have spent money on ways to speed up the launch of the Post-it® Note?  It is certainly plausible.  Investing in market research and other experimentation might have led 3M managers to see the potential of the product sooner.  It certainly would have cost less than the $400 million lost due to slow execution.

Some might argue that execution is more important than creation, but both are necessary to succeed.  Applying systematic methods to create great ideas increases your odds of success.  Great execution is what helps your company realize the full financial value of those inventions.

 

The Patterns in Super Bowl Commercials

Published date: February 6, 2012 в 3:00 am

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Super Bowl commercials capture our attention because they tend to be highly creative and well-produced.  At $3.5 million dollars for a thirty second spot, Super Bowl advertisers need to create the best, most innovative commercials possible. To do that, they use patterns.  Professor Jacob Goldenberg and his colleagues discovered that 89% of 200 award winning ads fall into a few simple, well-defined design structures.  Their book, “Cracking the Ad Code,” defines eight of these structures and provides a step-by-step approach to use them.

Here are the eight tools:
1. Unification
2. Activation
3. Metaphor
4. Subtraction
5. Extreme Consequence
6. Extreme Effort
7. Absurd Alternative
8. Inversion

Let’s see how yesterday’s 2012 Super Bowl ads fit these patterns.
The Unification Tool uses components of the medium or within the environment of the advertisement to convey the message.  This Bridgestone commercial does a nice job of taking sports objects like balls and pucks and “unifying” them to the theme of rubber tires:

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