Reputation is what matters. The degree to which a technical worker will share information with a colleague depends on that colleague's reputation for returning the favor. The rule of reciprocity states that people give back to those in the form they have received from others. It is a social rule taught by every human society to its members – you give back to those who have given to you. But the key is: to make the first move. You have to be seen as someone who gives and shares information with others, and has a reputation for returning the favor when others give to you.
Dr. Prescott Ensign and Dr. Louis Hebert investigated this phenomena by surveying more than 200 pharmaceutical scientists working in the R&D operations of 63 different companies in Canada and the U.S.. They found that technical workers often hold critical information privately without fear of sanction or consequence. What motivates them to share with others is when they see the other person as likely to give back – the other person has a well-deserved reputation for giving information back to the other person that is meaningful. The complete results and analysis of the study are described in the book Knowledge Sharing Among Scientists.
Here are the key findings (from Sloan Management Review, Winter 2010, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp 79-81):
Organizations who want to be more innovative need to do two things. First is co-location of knowledge workers and team building. Putting people in close proximity to one another and getting them to socialize will make them more likely to have the day-to-day, random encounters where they can share critical tidbits of knowledge and information. The second is training. Companies are recognizing a key gap in the skills of influence. People can be trained how to systematically and ethically influence and align their co-workers. Six universal principles of persuasion such as Reciprocity are well described by Dr. Robert Cialdini in his book, Influence: Science and Practice. Companies are conducting formal training courses in the practice of influence to make their knowledge workers more effective.
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This reminded me of the following study about what happens to information sharing and communication in groups (of engineers) over time, it declines: "After five years it was often not better than in a newly formed team. The team members ... were steadily tending to ignore and isolate themselves from their most important sources of information. If they were research engineers who most needed to access external information they tended to become inward-looking and ignore external ideas. If they were development engineers who really should have been exchanging ideas internally with the marketing group in order to develop a new product that people would actually want to buy, this was the area in which they ceased to communicate so effectively.
The researchers suggest that this is because individuals tend to organize themselves to reduce stress and uncertainty.
As time went on they became more and more comfortable with the security of their familiar environment and increasingly resistant to new ideas."
From "How to get your ideas adopted" by Anne Miller, p. 91.
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